tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38594186738601201922024-03-14T00:24:13.921-07:00Cornelius Lott Shear Historic Fruit Culture of South Jerseyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03867765284547918844noreply@blogger.comBlogger58125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3859418673860120192.post-29174069308065188842013-03-30T04:42:00.001-07:002013-03-30T04:42:13.302-07:00<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />Historic Fruit Culture of South Jerseyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03867765284547918844noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3859418673860120192.post-15562532030983429972013-03-30T04:17:00.000-07:002013-03-30T04:17:06.161-07:00Bordeaux Preparation<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />Historic Fruit Culture of South Jerseyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03867765284547918844noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3859418673860120192.post-63548155661719512332013-03-30T04:15:00.000-07:002013-03-30T04:15:00.919-07:00Scald and Blast<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />Historic Fruit Culture of South Jerseyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03867765284547918844noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3859418673860120192.post-70305311752471009342013-03-26T16:36:00.003-07:002013-03-26T16:36:27.686-07:00<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />Historic Fruit Culture of South Jerseyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03867765284547918844noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3859418673860120192.post-18556809475076429102013-03-26T16:35:00.002-07:002013-03-30T05:01:05.095-07:00Cranberry Diseases And Their Control, C. L. Shear, Pathologist<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />Historic Fruit Culture of South Jerseyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03867765284547918844noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3859418673860120192.post-13087665844202027672013-03-16T05:50:00.000-07:002013-03-16T05:51:49.168-07:001911 January --C.L. Shear used as reference in letter to U.S. Department of Agriculture offering Whitesbog for further Blueberry Culture Studies.<a href="http://www.whitesbog.blogspot.com/2011/01/1911-january-cl-shear-used-as-reference.html">Whitesbog Gazette - Click Here</a>Historic Fruit Culture of South Jerseyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03867765284547918844noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3859418673860120192.post-41890106886045173142013-03-14T21:35:00.000-07:002013-03-14T21:35:16.018-07:001917 Whitesbog, NJ<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<a href="http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/83629#page/17/mode/1up">Click here to read the rest of the paper</a>.</div>
<br />Historic Fruit Culture of South Jerseyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03867765284547918844noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3859418673860120192.post-14931411751682661502013-03-14T21:27:00.000-07:002013-03-14T21:27:10.587-07:001916 Whitesbog, NJ<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />Historic Fruit Culture of South Jerseyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03867765284547918844noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3859418673860120192.post-34250130533134624492013-03-14T21:21:00.001-07:002013-03-14T21:40:27.930-07:001917 - Experiments were conducted with the Early Black variety at Whitesbog, NJ.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Historic Fruit Culture of South Jerseyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03867765284547918844noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3859418673860120192.post-83401674370278045332013-03-14T20:07:00.003-07:002013-03-14T20:11:31.555-07:001901 At the request of the American Cranberry Growers' Association and the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, Shear began to investigate diseases of cranberries in New Jersey.<br />
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">At the request of the American Cranberry Growers’ Association and the New
Jersey State Agricultural Experiment Station, Shear began to investigate diseases
of the cranberry in 1901. Continuous plantings for many years in the Middle
Atlantic and some New England states, especially in the old cranberry bogs of
New Jersey, had created conditions favorable for the development and dispersal
of several fungal pathogens that were becoming of increasing economic concern
for growers (13). One of the first objectives of Shear’s research was to sort out
the confusing etiology of cranberry diseases. His mycological skills took cen-
ter stage. Growers, for instance, had used the term “scald” to refer to a single
disease. Shear’s mycological studies, however, demonstrated for the first time
that instead of one disease, “scald” actually included three distinct and destruc-
tive diseases of the fruit—scald, rot, and anthracnose—caused by three different
fungal pathogens, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Guignardia vaccinii </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Shear, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Acanthorhynchus vaccinii </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Shear,
and </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Glomerella rufomaculans vaccinii </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Shear. Shear also discovered the etiology
of a fourth major fungal disease of cranberry caused by </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Exobasidium oxycocci</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">,
which he called “hypertrophy” (15). Shear’s life history studies revealed much
about these fungi with respect to various spore forms, growth requirements, and
reproduction.
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">With this knowledge about the causal pathogens in hand, Shear soon turned his
attention to control. He collected and studied data on the effects of water supply,
so crucial to cranberry culture, the benefits of the destruction of dead vines, and
the possibilities of resistant cultivars. His major focus, however, was on chemical
treatment, particularly with respect to the much-heralded copper sulfate and lime
compound known as the Bordeaux mixture. Since the introduction of copper spray
compounds in the mid-1880s, a revolution had occurred in the chemical control
of certain plant diseases (8). His field experiments centered on preparation of the
mixture, methods of application, as well as the frequency and timing of sprays.
His work showed that the addition of resin-fishoil soap to the Bordeaux aided
significantly in leaf coverage and adherence. Shear also demonstrated that at least
five applications of Bordeaux mixture should be made during the season and that
the interval between applications should not exceed 15 days. Results from his
1905 field trials indicated that with five applications, only 2.36% of sprayed fruit
was destroyed at harvest compared with 92% of unsprayed fruit (14, 15).
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Shear had provided information on fundamental biology of important cranberry
pathogens and effective control strategies. For his studies of cranberry diseases,
he received a PhD degree from George Washington University in 1906. He also
had won the affection of the cranberry growers. When the American Cranberry
Growers’ Association celebrated its 40th Anniversary in 1909, organizers insisted
that “as the man who worked out our most difficult problems, it is eminently fitting
that you should be one of our honored guests” (9). </span></div>
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Historic Fruit Culture of South Jerseyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03867765284547918844noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3859418673860120192.post-1648330668671409642013-03-14T19:10:00.002-07:002013-03-14T20:08:10.333-07:00C. L. Shear, Gifted Mycologist, Plant Pathologist and APS Founder.INTRODUCTION<br />
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C. L. Shear is best remembered for his contributions to systematic mycology in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. His reputation as a gifted mycologist began with the publication of three centuries of his exsiccati, New York Fungi, between 1893 and 1896. By 1910, he had become a recognized authority on the Pyrenomycetes. His life history studies, for example, helped untangle confusion in the genus Glomerella. His thorough investigations of Endothia established the Asiatic origin of the chestnut blight fungus. Later, with B.O. Dodge, he would publish a classic paper on <span style="font-style: italic;">Neurospora</span>. There also were many careful studies on
fungal nomenclature (10).<br />
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Less known, however, are C.L. Shear’s contributions to plant pathology. In the
first decades of the twentieth century, at a time when plant pathology was rapidly
gaining acceptance and prestige in America, Shear had the expertise to adapt his
mycological skills to agriculture. The results were several key investigations of
diseases of economic plants with significant contributions to fundamental knowl-
edge as well as applied benefits to growers. Moreover, Shear’s excellence as a
practitioner in the developing science of plant pathology gave him the credibility and stature to serve as a leader in the science and to become a major figure
in the founding of the American Phytopathological Society (APS). Through the
efforts of Shear and several other key individuals, the establishment of the APS in
1908 signaled in no small way “that phytopathology was a discipline of growing
prominence and one worthy of recognition among the ranks of the biological and
agricultural sciences” (2). <a href="http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.phyto.38.1.19">Click Here to read more.</a></div>
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Historic Fruit Culture of South Jerseyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03867765284547918844noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3859418673860120192.post-35086835522629045692013-03-14T15:12:00.003-07:002013-03-14T15:12:39.835-07:001917 August 17 - 48th Annual Convention, Pig' N Whistle, Browns Mills, N.J.<a href="http://americancranberrygrowersassociation.blogspot.com/2013/03/1917-august-17-48th-annual-convention.html">Click Here</a>Historic Fruit Culture of South Jerseyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03867765284547918844noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3859418673860120192.post-50001396370064464232013-03-14T15:09:00.000-07:002013-03-30T08:52:07.471-07:001918 January 26 - 48th Annual Meeting, Hotel Adelphia, Pa<a href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89030572325;skin=mobile#page/n135/mode/2up">The Reduction Of Cranberry Losses Between Field And Consumer, C. L. Shear</a><br />
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<a href="http://americancranberrygrowersassociation.blogspot.com/2013/03/1918-january-26-48th-annual-meeting.html">C. L. Shear, Click Here</a>Historic Fruit Culture of South Jerseyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03867765284547918844noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3859418673860120192.post-34308921222463490452013-03-14T14:37:00.000-07:002013-03-30T05:16:06.773-07:001908Cranberry Diseases In Wisconsin<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-B9CgUyIfukQ/UUJCivOU5cI/AAAAAAAABGA/H_snT8z2EGM/s1600/IMAGE_D4395F32-3FEA-47F4-8E23-3A4331BE0BC5.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="120" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-B9CgUyIfukQ/UUJCivOU5cI/AAAAAAAABGA/H_snT8z2EGM/s400/IMAGE_D4395F32-3FEA-47F4-8E23-3A4331BE0BC5.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/WI/WI-idx?type=article&did=WI.WSCG1908.Sheer01&id=WI.WSCG1908&isize=M&q1=C.%20L.%20Shear">Click here to read the rest of the paper</a>.</div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Wisconsin State Cranberry Growers Association / <cite>Wisconsin State Cranberry Growers' Association. 21st annual meeting, Grand Rapids, Wis., Jan. 14th, 1908</cite><br />(1908)</span></div>
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<br />Historic Fruit Culture of South Jerseyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03867765284547918844noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3859418673860120192.post-52921136337628017362013-03-14T14:10:00.000-07:002013-03-30T05:09:36.552-07:001920-21 The Present Cranberry Disease Situation, Dr. C. L. Shear<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-UWE3Gtv_sIE/UUI7yT76JCI/AAAAAAAABF4/X1_8a0GgMug/s1600/IMAGE_08FE67B6-A521-4EF8-9737-AE930B1E1E58.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="224" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-UWE3Gtv_sIE/UUI7yT76JCI/AAAAAAAABF4/X1_8a0GgMug/s320/IMAGE_08FE67B6-A521-4EF8-9737-AE930B1E1E58.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/WI/WI-idx?type=article&id=WI.WSCG1920&did=WI.WSCG1920.Shear01&q1=C.%20L.%20Shear">Click here to read the rest of the paper.</a></div>
Wisconsin State Cranberry Growers Association / Wisconsin State Cranberry Growers' Association. Thirty-fourth [thirty-third] annual meeting, Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin, January 11, 1921. Thirty-third [thirty-second] summer meeting, pavilion, near Nekoosa, Wisconsin, August 10, 1920
(1920-1921)
Historic Fruit Culture of South Jerseyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03867765284547918844noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3859418673860120192.post-12807299053092888672013-03-14T14:03:00.000-07:002013-03-30T05:06:35.532-07:001914-15 Conditions Affecting The Health And Productiveness Of The Cranberry<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></span>
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<a href="http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/WI/WI-idx?type=article&id=WI.WSCG1915&did=WI.WSCG1915.Shear01&q1=C.%20L.%20Shear">Click here to read the rest of the article.</a></div>
<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Wisconsin State Cranberry Growers Association / </span><cite style="font-weight: bold;">Wisconsin State Cranberry Growers' Association. Twenty-eighth annual meeting, Grand Rapids, Wis., January 12th, 1915. Twenty-seventh summer meeting, Mather, Wis., August 11th, 1914</cite><br style="font-weight: bold;" /><span style="font-weight: bold;">(1914-1915)</span></span>Historic Fruit Culture of South Jerseyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03867765284547918844noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3859418673860120192.post-65935379694455204962013-03-14T13:58:00.002-07:002013-03-30T05:11:34.945-07:001908 Blossom Blast Or Blight<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-qvxgGXdV1ls/UUI5UvV6PBI/AAAAAAAABFo/ENE84hyIWBU/s1600/IMAGE_1F8284D5-804A-4953-9D14-47543B8A1747.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-qvxgGXdV1ls/UUI5UvV6PBI/AAAAAAAABFo/ENE84hyIWBU/s320/IMAGE_1F8284D5-804A-4953-9D14-47543B8A1747.JPG" width="308" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/WI/WI-idx?type=article&id=WI.WSCG1909&did=WI.WSCG1909.Shear01&q1=C.%20L.%20Shear">Click here to read the rest of the article.</a></div>
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Wisconsin State Cranberry Growers Association / <cite>Wisconsin State Cranberry Growers' Association. 22nd annual meeting, Grand Rapids, Wis., Jan. 12th, 1909. 21st summer meeting, Cranmoor, Wis., Aug. 18th, 1908</cite></div>
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Wisconsin State Cranberry Growers Association / Wisconsin State Cranberry Growers' Association. 23rd annual meeting, Grand Rapids, Wis., Jan. 11th, 1910. 22nd summer meeting, Mather, Wis., Aug. 17th 1909
(1909-1910)
Historic Fruit Culture of South Jerseyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03867765284547918844noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3859418673860120192.post-73012554853706112772013-03-14T13:49:00.002-07:002013-03-14T13:49:53.195-07:00 Photograph of <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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